Russian and Eastern Europe Essay Example

Russian and Eastern Europe Paper When Ivan IV took power, he named his vast territory Russia. Who is credited with creating the Russian Empire? Ivan IV The Byzantine influence can be seen in Kievs government because the legal code was created on the basis of Byzantine law. Moscow was given more power under Mongol rule because Moscow was loyal to the Mongols. The resurgence of Russia under Ivan IV began in the middle of the 1500s CE. What effect did the Mongol invasion have on Kiev? The invasion destroyed Kiev and power shifted to Moscow. Ivan III made an early contribution to the eventual resurgence of Russia by bringing in foreign architects to rebuild Moscow. What happened to Kiev when Yaroslav the Wise died in 1054 CE? Kiev was divided among Yaroslavs five sons. The most dramatic example of the influence of the Byzantine Empire occurred when Vladimir I forced all Russians to convert to Orthodox Christianity. After Ivan IV took power, how did he deal with the code of laws? He revised and updated the code of laws to make it more relevant.

Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essays

Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essays Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essay Applications of Data Mining Techniques in Airline Industry Essay Purpose and Scope All around the universe, the air hose industry could be described in few words, which is intensely competitory and dynamic . The air hose industry generates one million millions of dollars every twelvemonth but still has a cumulative net income border of less than 1 % 1. Many Airlines are seeking to retrieve from deep debt. The grounds for these are multifold- fuel monetary values, high cyclicality and seasonality, ferocious competition, high fixed costs and many other issues related to security and riders safety. To guarantee for the best economic result, Airline companies are seeking with their most originative plus information. Datas used in concurrence with informations mining techniques allows comprehensive intelligent direction and decision-making system. Achieving these benefits in a timely and intelligent mode may assist in ensuing lower operating costs, better client service, market fight, increased net income border and stockholder value addition. This intent of this paper is to show the applications of informations mining techniques on multiple facets of air hose concern. For illustration, to foretell the figure of domestic and international air hose riders from a specific city/airport, to dynamically monetary value the tickets depending on seasonality and demand, to research the frequent circular database to fix for CRM execution, to makes the operational determinations about catering, forces, and gate traffic flow, to help the security bureaus for secure and safe flights for the rider specially after 9/11 incident. Predict the Number of Passenger by using Data Mining Technique Prediction is critical to any concern for planning and gross direction, particularly in the Airline industry, where a batch of planning is required to buy/lease new aircrafts, to engage crew members, to happen the new slots in busy airdromes and to acquire the blessings from many air power governments. In the instance of Air travel, batch of seasonality and cyclicality involved. Passengers are more likely to wing to some finishs based on the clip of the twelvemonth. Business travellers are likely to go weekdays than weekends. Early forenoon and eventide flights are desired by concern travellers who want to carry through a twenty-four hours s work at their finish and return the same twenty-four hours. To calculate the figure of rider, unreal nervous web ( ANN ) can be used. The intent of a nervous web is to larn to acknowledge forms in a given informations. Once the nervous web has been trained on samples of the given informations, it can do anticipations by observing similar forms in future informations. The growing factors which might act upon the air travel demand depend on several things. Mauro Calvano2 in his survey of conveyance Canada air power prognosis 2002-2016 considered 12 major socio-economic factors as follows: GDP Personal Disposable income Adult Populations US economic Mentality Airline Yield Fleet/route structure/Average Aircraft Size Passenger Load factors Labor cost and productiveness Fuel cost/Fuel efficiency Airline cost other than Fuel and Labor Passenger Traffic Allocation Assumptions New engineering Factors 1 to 5 are related demand side of the prognosis Factors 6 to 10 are related to operations and supply side Factors 10 and 11 represent the structural alterations This historical information is called the appraisal set. A fraction of the overall available information is reserved for formalizing the truth of the developed prognosis theoretical account. This reserved information set is called the prediction set because no information contained in it is used in any signifier during the development of the prognosis theoretical account. The information in the prediction set are used for proving the true extrapolative belongingss of the developed prognosis theoretical account. The appraisal set is farther divided into a preparation set and a testing set. Information in the preparation set is used straight for the finding of the prognosis theoretical account, whereas information in the testing set is used indirectly for the same intent. Figure1: Forecasting Process Model For a given ANN architecture and a preparation set, the basic mechanism behind most supervised acquisition regulations is the updating of the weights and the prejudice footings, until the mean squared mistake ( MSE ) between the end product predicted by the web and the desired end product ( the mark ) is less than a pre-specified tolerance. Nervous webs are can be represented as beds of functional nodes. The most general signifier of a nervous web theoretical account used in prediction can be written as: Y = F [ H1 ( x ) , H2 ( x ) , aˆÂ ¦ . , Hn ( x ) ] + U Where, Y is a dependant or end product variable, Ten is a set of input/ influencing variables, F A ; H s are web maps, and U is a theoretical account mistake. This input bed is connected to a concealed bed. Hs are the concealed bed nodes and represents different nonlinear maps. Each node in a bed receives its input from the predating bed through nexus which has weights assigned, which get adjusted utilizing an appropriate acquisition algorithm and the information contained in the preparation set. Figure2: ANN Architecture Abdullah Omer BaFail3 did the survey to calculate the figure of air hose rider in Saudi Arabia. He selected the most influencing factors to calculate the figure of domestic riders in the different metropoliss of Saudi Arabia. For Dhahran he selected factors like: Oil gross domestic merchandise for last 6 old ages, private non-oil gross domestic merchandise, Import of goods and services for last 10 old ages, and population size for last 2 old ages. The domestic and international existent and forecasted figure of riders for the metropolis of Dhahran for the old ages 1993 through 1998 is shown below. Prognosiss underestimated the existent travel. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error ( MAPE ) for domestic travel is about 10 % , while for international travel is about 3 % . Figure3: Forecasting consequences from Abdullah Omer BaFail3 The take away from the Abdullah Omer BaFail3 for me is that the efficient prediction theoretical account can be invented utilizing ANN if we utilizing the right influencing indexs. In this survey some indexs which influence are oil gross domestic merchandise and per capita income in the domestic and international sectors. In position of the fluctuating nature of the rider use of air hose services in Saudi Arabia, certain suggestions were made. Most of these recommendations were in order to better the flexibleness of the system to the fluctuations in demand and supply. Hub and spike theoretical account was besides suggested as solutions in certain sectors to increase the flexibleness in seting their capacity allotments across markets as new information about demand conditions become available. Application of Data Mining technique to foretell the Airline Passengers No-show Ratess Airlines overbook the flights based on the outlook that some per centum of engaged riders will non demo for each flight. Accurate prognosiss of the expected figure of no-shows for each flight can increase air hose gross by cut downing the figure of perishable seats ( empty seats that might otherwise hold been sold ) and the figure of nonvoluntary denied embarkation s at the going gate. Typically, the simplest manner is to travel for mean no-show rates of historically similar flights, without the usage of passenger-specific information. Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 in their research paper predicted the no-show rates utilizing specific information on the single riders booked on each flight. The Airlines offer multiple menus in different booking category. The figure of seats allocated to each booking category is driven by demand for each category, such that gross is maximized. For illustration, few seats can be kept on clasp for the last-minute travellers with high menus and figure of seats sold in lower-fare categories earlier in the engagement procedure. Footings and conditions of cancellation and no-show besides vary in each category. The no-shows consequences in lost gross if the flight departs with empty seats that might otherwise hold been sold. Near accurate prognosiss of the expected figure of no-shows for each flight are really much desirable because the under-prediction of no-shows leads to loss of possible gross from empty seats, while over-prediction can bring forth a important cost punishment associated with denied embarkations at the going gate and besides make client dissatisfaction. In the simplest theoretical account, the overbooking bound is taken as the capacity plus the estimated figure of no-shows. Engagements are offered up to this degree. No-shows Numberss are predicted utilizing time-series methods such as taking the seasonally leaden traveling norm of no-shows for old cases of the same flight. Figure4: No-show tendency over yearss to departure Beginning: Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 The simple theoretical account does non take history of specific features of the riders. Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 in his survey used categorization method, likewise Kalka and Weber5 at Lufthansa used initiation trees to calculate passenger-level no-show chances, and compared their truth with conventional, historical-based methods. I tried to sum up Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 attack and consequences briefly below. Whenever a ticket is booked the Passenger Name Records ( PNRs ) is generated and all the rider information is recorded. The PNR information includes, for each rider, particulars of all flights in the path, the engagement category, and rider specific information such as frequent-flier rank, fining position, and the agent or channel through which the engagement originated. Each PNR is besides specified whether the rider was a no-show for the specified flight. In the simplest theoretical account the average no-show rate over a group of similar historical flights is computed. The mean in bend used to foretell the figure of no-shows over all engagement categories. The passenger-level theoretical account given by can be implemented utilizing any categorization method capable of bring forthing the normalized chances. The PNR records are partitioned into sections, and separate prognostic theoretical accounts are developed for each section. In the passenger-level mold we characterize each utilizing the PNR inside informations. Let Xi ; one = 1aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..I denote I characteristics associated with each rider. Uniting all characteristics yields the characteristic vector Ten = [ X1aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Xi ] Each rider, n = 1aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.N, booked on flight m is represented by the vector of characteristic values xmn = [ xmn, 1aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ xmn, iaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. xmn, I ] We know the predicted no-show rate from the historical theoretical account ; it is assumed the rider inherits the no-show rate. The rider degree prognostic theoretical account is so stated as follows: given a set of category labels cmn a set of characteristic vectors xmn and a cabin degree historical anticipation A µmhist predict the end product category of rider N on flight m: P ( C = cmn | A µmhist, X= xmn ) We are specifically interested in the no-show chance, cmn = NS, and compose this chance in the simplified signifier P ( NS | A µmhist, xmn ) The figure of no-shows in the cabin is estimated as a?‘ P ( NS | A µmhist, xmn ) The summing of chances for each rider in the cabin, gives no-show rate for the cabin. An correspondent attack can besides be used to foretell no-show rates at the fare-class degree. Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 comparison consequences computed utilizing the historical, passenger-level, and cabin-level theoretical accounts. The theoretical accounts were built utilizing about 880,000 PNRs booked on 10,931 flights, and evaluated against 374,900 PNRs booked on 4088 flights. The figure shows a conventional lift curve computed utilizing the three different executions of the passenger-level theoretical account. Figure 5: Addition Charts Beginning: Lawernce, Hong, Cherrier4 Each point on the lift curve shows the fraction of existent no-shows observed in a sample of PNRs selected in order of diminishing no-show chance. The diagonal line shows the baseline instance in which it is assumed that the chances are drawn from a random distribution. The three executions of the passenger-level theoretical account place about 52 % of the existent no-shows in the first 10 % of the sorted PNRs. This is one of the manner the Airlines can integrate informations excavation theoretical accounts integrating specific information on single riders can bring forth more accurate anticipations of no-show rates than conventional, historical based, statistical methods. Application of Data Mining technique to Strategies Customer Relationship Management In the current clip most of the industries utilizing frequence selling plans as a scheme for retaining client trueness in the signifier of points, stat mis, dollars, beans and so on. Airlines are a large fan of this Kingfishers Kingmiles, Jet Airways Jet Privilege, American Airlines AAdvantage, Japan Airlines Mileage Bank, KrisFlyer Miles etc. they all seemed to hold carved their ain individualities. Frequent Flyer Program presents an priceless chance to garner client information. It helps to understand the behavioral forms, unveil new chances, client acquisition and keeping chances. This helps Airlines to place the most valuable and the appropriate schemes to utilize in developing one-to-one relationships with these clients. The aim of informations mining application over the frequent circular client informations could be many, but ideally it is as follows: Customer cleavage Customer satisfaction analysis Customer activity analysis Customer keeping analysis Some of the illustrations in each class are: Classify the clients into groups based on sectors most often flown, category, period of twelvemonth, clip of the twenty-four hours, intent of the trip. Which types of clients are more valuable? Do most valuable clients receive the value for money? What are the properties and features of the most valuable client sections? What type of run is appropriate for best usage of resources? What are the chances to up-selling and cross-selling, for illustration hotel engagement, ascent to following category, recognition card, etc. Design bundles or grouping of services Customer acquisition. Yoon6 designed a database cognition find procedure dwelling of five stairss: choosing application sphere, mark informations choice, pre-processing informations, pull outing cognition, and reading and rating. This survey refers to the Yoon procedure to cover with three excavation stages, including the pre-process, data-mining, and reading stages for air hoses, as illustrated in figure below. Figure 6: database cognition find procedure Beginning: Yoon6 Some straightforward solution can be implemented that can besides be scaled-up in future like K-means, Kohonen self-organizing webs and categorization trees. In the instance of K-means algorithm, it is applied on client informations, delegating each to the closest bing bunch centre. The K- means theoretical account is run with different bunch figure until K-means bunchs are good separated. In the instance of categorization trees ( C5.0 ) , we derive a simple regulation set to unambiguously sort the complete database. Again, we have to bring forth the properties, ensuing from the sequence of flight sections. The truth of the prognosis for each section is provided by equilibrating the preparation set harmonizing to every bit sized bunchs. We regulate the figure of subsequent regulations, while finding a minimum Numberss of records given within each subgroup. Maalouf and Mansour7 did the survey based on 1,322,409 client activities minutess and 79,782 riders for a period of 6 old ages. They prepared Data based on Z-Score Normalization and ran the multiple questions and transformed the informations to make the bunch input records. They used K-means and O-Cluster algorithms. The consequence generated by constellating provides client cleavage with regard to of import dimensions of clients demands and value. The tabular array below is the consequence is a sum-up of the profile produced by k-means constellating that includes: gross milage, figure of services used, and client rank period. Figure 7: Clustering consequence on Airline Customer Data Beginning: Maalouf and Mansour7 The consequences generated by k-means constellating are used as a footing for the association regulations algorithm. Two different scenarios have been applied. The first scenario is based on Financial , Flight , and Hotel activities with 1,896 records. The 2nd scenario is based on the flight activities particularly the sectors, with 1,867 records. Figure 8: Association regulations for best client activities Beginning: Maalouf and Mansour7 Some of the take manner from Meatloaf and Mansour7 survey. Clustering utilizing k-means algorithm generated 9 different bunchs with specific profile for each one. From the bunch analysis it can be found which are the best client bunchs ( higher milage per rider ) than other bunchs. Necessitate a keeping scheme for these bunchs. Cross Selling schemes can be formulated between the bunchs ( for illustration between: 15 and 11 ; 13 and 17 because they are close in services value. The bunch analysis provides an chance for the air hose to bring forth more gross from a client. For illustration, the air hose could use an up-selling scheme by selling a higher menu place depending on the bunchs. From the bunch analysis Airline may follow an enhanced scheme for clients in bunchs in order to increase services usage and gross milage per rider. Plan for marketing run or particular offers by analysis through association regulations, for illustration, the clients utilizing the Flight and Financial services neer use the Hotel Services and the clients utilizing the Flight and Hotel services neer use the Financial Services. By analysing the services used in different bunchs, Airline can qualify services integrating. It enables the air hose to function a client the manner the client wants to be served. Application of Data Mining Application technique to understand the Impacts of Severe Weather Severe conditions has major impacts on the air traffic and flight holds. Appropriate proactive schemes for different severe-weather yearss may ensue in betterment of holds and cancellations. Therefore, understanding en-route conditions impacts on flight public presentation is an of import measure for bettering flight public presentation. Zohreh and Jianping8 in their survey proposed a model for informations mining attack to analysis of conditions impacts on Airspace system public presentation. This attack consists of three stages: informations readying, characteristic extraction, and informations excavation. The information readying stage includes the usual procedure of choice of informations beginnings, informations integrating, and informations data format. Figure 9: Model proposed by Zohreh and Jianping8 He used three informations beginnings: Airline Service Quality Performance ( ASQP ) , Enhanced Traffic Management System ( ETMS ) , and National Convective Weather Forecast ( NCWF ) supplied by National Center for Atmospheric Research. He used NCWF informations from April through September 2000 to stand for the terrible conditions season. These data-sets included the scheduled and existent going and arrival times of each flight of 10 coverage air hoses, tail figure, wheels off/on times, cab times, cancellation and recreation information, planned going and arrival times, existent going and arrival times, planned flight paths, existent flight paths, and cancellations, flight frequences between two airdromes, intended flight paths between two airdromes, flight holds, flight cancellations, and flight recreations. The image cleavage stage resulted in a set of severe-weather parts. Then for each of these parts, a set of conditions characteristics and a set of air traffic characteristics are extracted. A twenty-four hours is described by a set of severe-weather parts, each holding a figure of conditions and traffic characteristics. As a consequence of this survey it was found that there is strong correlativity of out of use flights, # of bad conditions parts, bad conditions airdromes, blocked distance, bad conditions longitude, by base on balls distance, bad conditions latitude, # of bad conditions pels with flight public presentation. Similarly the bunch algorithms ( like K-means ) can be applied. The outlook is that the same bunchs have similar conditions impacts on flight public presentation. Zohreh and Jianping8 generated bunchs for the full air space It was found that a bunch with worse conditions about ever had bad public presentation. The bunchs with big per centum of out of use flights, beltway distance, and blocked distance had a worse public presentation. These consequences were promising and showed that yearss in a bunch have similar conditions impacts on flight public presentation Other informations excavation attack which can be applied is Classifications. Application of Classification can assist us detect the patterns/rules that have important impact on the flight public presentation. Discovered regulations may be used to foretell if a twenty-four hours is a good or a bad public presentation twenty-four hours based on its conditions. For illustration Rule for Good: if % BlockedFlights lt ; = xxx and BypassDistance lt ; = yyy so Good ( n, prob ) There can be different ways where we can use informations mining attack to analysis of upwind impact on air hose public presentation. It seems to be that consequences obtained from constellating and categorizations were really meaningful for air hose and riders to be after in front. Application of Data Mining techniques to guarantee safety and security of Airlines rider The reaction of the terrorist onslaught on 26/9 and 11/9 end point in addition Security at airdromes: It ends up leting merely ticketed riders past the security Gatess, screen carry-on baggage more carefully for possible arms. The inquiry is whether these stairss could hold avoided the onslaughts, the people involved in the onslaught had legitimate tickets, and transporting box cutters and razor blades ( like in any other normal individual would make ) . The uncommon was the combination of their features, like none were U.S. citizens, all had lived in the U.S. for some period of clip, all had connexions to a peculiar foreign state, all had purchased one-way tickets at the gate with hard currency. With the sum of informations available about the rider during fining, the can be reviewed to qualify relevant available rider information. Give a rider s name, reference, and a contact phone figure, assorted informations bases ( public or private ) can place the societal security figure ( SSN ) , from which much information will be readily available ( recognition history, constabulary record, instruction, employment, age, gender, etc. ) . Since there is big figure of features available on both single riders, it will be of import to placing signals within the natural variableness or noise . If predicted incorrectly, this may take to either falsely confining an guiltless rider or neglecting to confine a plane that carries a terrorist. The air hoses already collect much informations on assorted flights. When the informations come in the signifier of multiple features on a individual point, exploratory tools for multivariate informations can be applied, such as categorization, arrested development trees, multivariate adaptative arrested development splines/trees. The security of the air transit can be improved well through modern, intelligent usage of pattern acknowledgment techniques applied to big linked databases. Similarly Data excavation techniques can be used for the Safety of the rider. An air safety office plays a cardinal function in guaranting that an air power organisation operates in a safe mode. Currently, Aviation Safety offices collect and analyze the incident studies by a combination of manual and machine-controlled methods.. Data analysis is done by safety officers who are really familiar with the sphere. With Data mining one can happen interesting and utile information hidden in the informations that might non be found by merely tracking and questioning the information, or even by utilizing more sophisticated question and coverage tools. In a survey done by Zohreh Nazeri, Eric Bloedorn, Paul Ostwald10 it was found that happening associations and distribution forms in the informations, conveying of import interior. The other determination is Associating the incident studies to other beginnings of safety related informations, such as aircraft care and conditions informations, could assist happening better causal relationships. SumMRry Business Intelligence through efficient and appropriate Data excavation application can be really utile in the Airline industry. The Appropriate action programs from the information excavation analysis can ensue in improved client service, aid bring forthing considerable fiscal lift and set the hereafter scheme.

Activity-based-costing (ABC) in practice - the factors affecting the Essay

Activity-based-costing (ABC) in practice - the factors affecting the successful implementation of an ABC system - Essay Example ABC also provides useful information about the cost of the product which is helpful in decision making (Weetman, 2012, pp. 85-88). According to Drury, ABC method can be used for various cost management applications like customer profitability analysis, business process management and value chain analysis. According to some other management accounting literature ABC can be divided in four genres like contingency research, basic research, critical research and consulting. It can be seen that type of the contingency research is one of the most important development on the topic of ABC. However, some countries have given more attention to the contingency based research. Johnson (1990) has described that ABC, ROI and Variance Analysis are the most important concept of management accounting in 20th century. According to Mitchell (1994), ABC system got high profile popularity by the work of Kaplan and Cooper. Bhimani and Piggott (1992) have stated that Activity Based Costing has many important benefits over other costing systems like it increases the cost accuracy of product and provides more comprehensive information about cost incurred to ensure better performance. It also provides more accurate data which helps the managers to take better decisions and increase efficiency for sensitivity analysis. It is also considered as a valuable model which adds value to the organizational activities and transactions. According to some research studies, respondents told that they are satisfied and they think that ABC provides more accurate costing result than the traditional method of costing. These studies have also stated other benefits like accurate profitab ility analysis for customers, positive behavioral effect on employees, accurate insight into cost behavior and causation and better measurement of performances. According to Mitchell and Innes (1991) have stated that Activity Based Costing gives more relevant costs

Men and women, Yin & Yang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Men and women, Yin & Yang - Essay Example When a person meets his Mr. or Ms. Perfect, the pull is irrefutable and incomprehensible despite all differences in behavior and personalities. They are attracted to each other even when they are living far apart. This attraction has always been there in all ages. The girl is yin, and the guy is yang. Yin attract yang with her feminine traits, and yang attracts yin with his masculine traits. Yin is emotional, while yang is indifferent. However, both yin and yang harmonize each other quite perfectly, balancing each other’s negative traits with their positive ones. The yang characteristics of men help them in reasoning and making logical decisions. Their way of approaching problems and solutions is based on intellect rather than emotion. They accomplish their mission with ingenuity and wisdom. They use their absolute willpower and persistent determination to achieve their goals. They are blessed with such resolute power with which they can lead independent lives. They are patient, understanding, and authoritative in nature. They consider themselves as that positive light which can bring the world out of darkness. Hence, they are also dominant in their personal relationships. In contrast, the yin characteristics of women include receptiveness, shyness, and responsibility. Women are more inclined toward emotional logic and sixth sense. They perceive problems with their inner eyes, and spend ample time in making choices that prove to be fruitful in the long run. They give importance to love over practicality. They are more compassionate than their yang counterparts, and believe in poignant aspects of relationships. To them, love is the most cherished possession, and they will do everything to sustain it. They are born with self-sacrificing nature, and are inclined to prefer others to themselves. Extremities in yin and yang characteristics disturb the balance that is required to maintain harmony between the two genders. When a man is too yang, he

Investigation of cultural influences and impact on CSR Dissertation

Investigation of cultural influences and impact on CSR - Dissertation Example If it appears the target is not to be attained, then the procedure is reviewed and revised midway to avoid further waste of resources. Results are important at Toyota. INT 2: Oh, yes so you’ve read that article about â€Å"Americanness†? Well, I would not put it exactly that way, that’s too black and white. But in more general terms, yes, Toyota wants to be perceived as a global company, a company that is a citizen of the world, so to speak. Whenever academicians talk of Japanese corporate culture, however, they typically cite Toyota. True, we embody a lot of the management philosophies that are associated with â€Å"Japanese† management, like just-in-time, etc., but I would prefer to think that we have a culture of constant quality improvement depending on the purpose of the business, not merely because the company is originally Japanese. (2) A survey and selection of social issues, among many, that the company may effectively address Which issues are rel evant to your host country? Of those that are relevant, kindly describe the context or particulars in which they are considered relevant. What other issues other than those mentioned would you think are relevant? Has your company chosen to address these issues through the CSR program? If not, why? If yes, why have these issues been chosen and others have not? INT 1: Toyota is undergoing a bit [actually a lot] of controversy because of the millions of cars it has had to recall in the past years. So there is the issue of consumer safety right there. The company used to be known for precise safety engineering and not sacrificing on quality or safety for the sake of profit, but the way it appears now we are giving the impression that we are remiss. It is management’s task to bring the point home strongly that we are not neglectful, our mass production system and uniformity of component design across several vehicles just worked against us publicity wise. INT 2: I see my colleague talked to you about the recalls. Other than this, however, is the issue of Toyota being supposedly against more aggressive greenhouse emission reductions. There was some publicity about the company supposedly lobbying to extend the deadline for compliance. I would say that this is not true to the best of my knowledge. Toyota is always at the forefront of green technology, and of transparency in corporate governance as well. The company should have done better, however, in terms of publicity damage control. I think the public liaison had delayed in its response. It should not have reached the point where our company president should have been summoned [at the Congressional hearing]. If the publicity had been addressed sooner, he should have been spared having to explain personally. While there is nothing wrong in a company president speaking for his company, the face-off between the American government on one hand, and a Japanese leader on the other hand, could rub the wrong way for people who remember the war and Japan’s emperor being made to sign the articles of surrender – you know. (3) Mapping out a course of action and devising a program plan to address the selected issues Given the issues your company has selected, what program plans were arrived at to address them? How are these programs planned out? INT 1: I think you will find more of this in the company annual report. The programs are given

Introduction Of Computer Virus

Introduction Of Computer Virus Computer Virus is a program that copies itself, Computer virus can infect your computer and slowing down your computer. And virus also can spreads computer to computer. The person who sends out the computer virus may use networking of the internet. The computer virus also can be spread by via disk, CD, thauDVD or flash drive or other devices. Usually, a virus is written to target a network file system or shared filet in order to spread from computer to computer using network. Worm or Trojan is slightly different from another virus it appears harmless, This is the type of virus which enters the programs exploits security hothatmay have spread through other networks or Internet users. Computer virus are usually small, which are design to spread from one computer to other computer and to enter and interfere Computer operation. Virus might corrupt your windows or might delete the important data on your computer, Normaly virus can be spread through e-mails program to other computer which can even delete everything on the hard disk. Often Computer viruses can be spread by attachments by e-mail massages or even can be instant massaging . that is why must never one a email which we dont know where it came from and who send it we may never know it could be virus. Virus can be as attachments of funny images or video or files it can spread when u download to your computer from the internet. HOW COMPUTER VIRUSES WORK Virus can infect a small section of software or it will be there when the user open the program or runs the programs . It could be attached word or excel or other software programs it can be in any form or in any types of files. Email viruses are totally different from the virus which uses email to infect computers. An attachment or files in a email that open or download from your email will be launch infection allowing to spread. An email virus cannot ifnfect your compur unless the malicious file is open. A virus called Trojans can work by claiming a game file or other file to get inside.It could then erase the content that stored on your hard drive or other drives. Trojans do not replicate like a virus but worms is able to attack the security holes and then replicate in the network to spread to other computer which uses network. COMPUTER IFFECTION first thing you might not realize win32, kido, conficker, trojans orviruses have not got into your computer if u dont have Internet Security and other antivirus software.the ability of the program to get inside an operation system undetected . Depending on the infection, you may be greeted with a black or blue screen when the OS is unable to load; you will not be able to access any files, documents or other information on the computer. If there is only one file infected, the computer may not be able to open the file . when shut down you may get massages that a program is still running but the program may have numbers and letters only. IT is most often not a program that you recongnise, even though it might state it is in the part of a system operation. Task manager is to stop the program without result since the virus,trojan or malicious entity has the control it to continue the infecting the computer until it has run its course,rendering your computer ineffective. WAYS TO SOLVE COMPUTER VIRUSES THE WAYS TO PROTECT YOUR COMPUTER Understanding what is virus and how is works the first step to obtaining the necessary protection of computer . Computer with the latest window. Window 7 have firewall , security updates / patches and windowa Defender.These devices are the first thing to protect your computer and they work as PC virus protection, but that is not enough to stop all the problems. You need to find additional antivirus protection. Antivirus software such as Mac antivirus or Windows 7 antivirus are further protection programs that will stop computer viruses. They are a second line of defence, if you will. Antivirus software tends to block holes left by PC virus protection. Hackers that encounters antivirus software will have to work harder to get through with thei computer viruses. Therefore you need not to worry about spending a lot of money for your anti-virus now day there many free anti-virus which can download in a secure web site which keeps your computer protected. There many free anti-virus which is designed to automatic run an initial scan of the computer to see if your computer is effected. It will then remove any infections you might have. It may be unable to remove the entire infection, in which case it will quarantine the virus in a place where it can no longer affect other files on your computer. It will also try to repair any damage. Other Protection Methods By Downloading any antivirus software helps, But there is also other measures your own to keep malicious viruses. First thing never open an email attachment if u canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t identify the sender and also have your our own antivirus software runs a scan on the attachment in the event that the senderà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s computer has been infected. Second, do not download any items from a site you do not trust or that does not have the secured server symbol a lock. Download only files you recognize, including music, movies and other online media. Third, set up your wireless network security and obtain a mobile antivirus. An unsecure Internet connection is an invitation to hackers to try to download malicious threats. A mobile antivirus is also set up for wireless networks, whereas other antivirus software is meant for secured connections. TYPE OF VIRUSES Resident Viruses This type of virus is a permanent which dwells in the RAM memory. From there it can overcome and interrupt all of the operations executed by the system: corrupting files and programs that are opened, closed, copied, renamed Direct Action Viruses The main purpose of this virus is to replicate and take action when it is executed. When a specific condition is met, the virus will go into action and infect files in the directory or folder that it is in and in directories that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file PATH. This batch file is always located in the root directory of the hard disk and carries out certain operations when the computer is booted. Overwrite Viruses Virus of this kind is characterized by the fact that it deletes the information contained in the files that it infects, rendering them partially or totally useless once they have been infected. The only way to clean a file infected by an overwrite virus is to delete the file completely, thus losing the original content. Examples of this virus include: Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88.D. Boot Virus This type of virus affects the boot sector of a floppy or hard disk. This is a crucial part of a disk, in which information on the disk itself is stored together with a program that makes it possible to boot (start) the computer from the disk. The best way of avoiding boot viruses is to ensure that floppy disks are write-protected and never start your computer with an unknown floppy disk in the disk drive. Examples of boot viruses include: Polyboot.B, AntiEXE. Macro Virus Macro viruses infect files that are created using certain applications or programs that contain macros. These mini-programs make it possible to automate series of operations so that they are performed as a single action, thereby saving the user from having to carry them out one by one. Examples of macro viruses: Relax, Melissa.A, Bablas, O97M/Y2K. Directory Virus Directory viruses change the paths that indicate the location of a file. By executing a program (file with the extension .EXE or .COM) which has been infected by a virus, you are unknowingly running the virus program, while the original file and program have been previously moved by the virus. Once infected it becomes impossible to locate the original files. PICTURE CONCLUSION To keep our computer safe we need to anti à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ virus programs that stores the definition known as virus and malware program. To keep our anti-virus active we need to update and scan our computer every time we use computer. Now it should be clear that how important to use a computer and keep it safe from viruses. and u should always full scan your computer for virus to prevent the loss of data. when ever u use a pendrive or external hard disk you must scan for viruses to keep your computer safe. Loading comments Problems loading Disqus?

How effective is Harper Lees title of To Kill a Mockingbird? :: English Literature

How effective is Harper Lee's title of To Kill a Mockingbird? '" Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." That was the only time I ever heard Atticus say it was a sin to do something, and I asked Miss Maudie about it. "Your father's right," she said. "Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people/s gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird."' (p. 96) From the above quote we learn that a mockingbird gives only pleasure to people. It does not harm anyone, or destroy people's gardens, like other birds might do. The book can be said to contain 'human mockingbirds' who, each in their own way, are persecuted or treated badly through no fault of their own. Probably the two main and most obvious mockingbirds in the novel are Boo Radley and Tom Robinson. These two characters very much contrast each other, but the way they are treated by other persons in the book gives them a mutual bond. Both of these characters had to pay for their actions with their lives - Boo Radley being deprived of friendship and the outside world by his own family, and Tom Radley being convicted of a crime he did not commit, which ultimately lead to his death. Boo Radley, otherwise known as Arthur Radley, is described by Jem as a monster-type figure: "Boo was about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that's why his hands were blood-stained - if you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time." (p.19) We know that this is not what Boo Radley really looks like, and Jem is giving this description to Scout so as to tease her. Being as young as she is, she believes this portrayal of Boo. However, though Jem is only having a laugh, this shows us what sort of image of Boo the children grew up with. The title could be connected with this because the children are mocking Boo's life and making fun of it. I also think that the following words from Jem are important: '" I think I'm beginning to understand why Boo Radley's stayed shut up in

Horizontal Violence Experienced During Orientation in the Intensive Care Units Essay

Looking back at the literature review, evidences from several studies have shown how nurses over the past several years have continued a trend of horizontal violence that began decades ago. These nurses felt that to prove that before a novice nurse will be ready to enter the profession, there must be a test or rite of passage that they should pass and be able to get through. The said rite of passage was formerly practiced from one generation of nurses and passed it on to the next generation. This creates an atmosphere of bullying by condoning the practice of such rites or hazing practices that happen to novice nurses in return to prove their ability to perform in the pressure intense environment. Given the above premise, it is the purpose of this study to look into the novice nurse and the type of horizontal violence they may be experiencing in different types of intensive care units (ICU) during the orientation process. Through this study, there can be a validation of whether or not horizontal violence does occur in the ICU during nurse orientation. If it does, by looking at horizontal violence in various ICU’s, an understanding of such type of violence among new novice nurses may be developed. It is also the purpose of this study to provide the most accurate answers possible to this paper’s research questions. To reiterate, the questions are as follows: (1) While in orientation, do novice nurses experience horizontal violence in the ICU’s in a Midwestern magnet status hospital? ; (2) Is bullying present during the orientation process in the ICU? (3) Do the novice nurses experience sabotage while in orientation? ; and (4) Has the novice nurses experienced feeling like an outcast or have they experienced name-calling during their orientation in the cardiovascular ICU? One theory that stands out when discussions on the theoretical framework with regard to horizontal violence is Paulo Freire’s oppression theory. Theorist Paulo Freire first presented the oppression theory in 1972 when explaining the confl ict of the colonized African populations. This theory discusses the observance of the imbalance of power due to dominate and subordinate groups. The oppression theory discusses how two groups are involved and the dominate group maintains higher power than the subordinate group. The oppression occurs when the subordinate group’s culture is repressed by the dominant group. Due to the subordinate group feeling repressed, the subordinate group begins to act out their self-hatred on each other. By doing this, the values and beliefs that were held by the subordinate group are soon lost and self-hatred settles in. In 1983, Sandra Roberts, applied the oppression theory to nursing and argued that an â€Å"understanding of the dynamics underlying leadership of an oppressed group is an important strategy to develop more effective leaders in nursing to be successful. † (Bartholomew, 2006). Roberts noted that nursing had displayed the dominate group along with the subordinate group referring to the leadership in the nursing profession. The dominate group makes various decisions without respecting the values of the subordinate group the nurses working on the floor with the patients. Through this process, the subordinate group loses respect for the dominate groups value system and become oppressed with feelings of low self-esteem, self-hatred, and powerlessness. With the oppression theory there is a sub-subordinate group that feels the results of the oppression theory and this is the novice nurses being hired into the nursing profession. During the orientation phase the novice nurses fall into a subgroup resulting in oppression trying to bring the novice nurses through the rite of passage to be a nurse in the unit that the orientation is occurring. Organizations fashioned to be hierarchical have not fostered a culture of professional collegiality, nor have they advanced the role of nursing. Too often, nurses have acquiesced to a victim mentality that only facilitates a sense of powerlessness. Nurses have reported concern about the lack of action taken by supervisors in addressing horizontal violence in the workplace (Farrell, 1997; Stanley et al. , 2007). While not directly addressing bullying or horizontal violence, Kramer (1974) described the â€Å"reality shock† occurring for new graduates when they encountered differences in their perception of what nursing could be and the actual reality of the workplace. Kramer suggested that â€Å"reality shock† can manifest as hopelessness and dissatisfaction, which is a prelude to conflict in the workplace (p. ). Today, bullying is an international phenomenon not limited to the healthcare arena, and abuse can also occur between professions. The phrase â€Å"nurses eat their young,† has been used to describe the negative behaviors directed toward new nurses (Rowe & Sherlock, 2005). Griffin (2004) described the vulnerability of newly licensed nurses as they are socialized into the nursing workforce; lateral violence affected their perception of whether to remain in their current position. Sofield and Salmond (2003) found that primarily physicians, then patients, and patients’ families were responsible for most of the verbal abuse towards nurses. One-third of respondents expressed they would consider resignation in response to verbal abuse; it was concluded that nurses lacked the skills to deal with the verbal abuse and perceived themselves as powerless to change organizational response (Sofield & Salmond, 2003). Cox found the most frequent source of verbal abuse was physicians, and in descending order patients, families and peers, supervisors and subordinates (1991). The turn-over attributed to verbal abuse was 24 percent for staff nurses and 25 percent for nurse managers (Cox, 1991) Cook, Green and Topp (2001) found that perioperative nurses encountered verbal abuse by physicians. However, Rowe and Sherlock (2005) reported that nurses in particular were the most frequent source of verbal abuse towards other nurses. Patients’ families were the second most frequent source, followed by physicians and then patients (Rowe & Sherlock, 2005). In 2004, The Institute for Safe Medication Practices published a survey on workplace intimidation. Almost half of the 2,095 respondents, which included nurses, pharmacists and other providers, recalled being verbally abused when contacting physicians to question or clarify medication prescriptions; intimidation had played a role in either not questioning a concerning order or seeking ways not to directly confront the prescribers. While physicians and prescribers used intimidating behaviors, however they were not the only intimidating healthcare providers (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004). In a hostile environment, communication is hindered and this can affect quality of care and patient safety (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2002). Healthcare providers report intimidation does alter communication and negatively impacts patient care and safety (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004). Healthcare professionals facing intimidation may sometimes choose to abdicate their advocacy role to avoid intimidating behaviors, impacting patient safety. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices survey (2004) revealed that more experienced nurses are more likely to encounter intimidating behaviors; differences in intimidating encounters were not appreciably different in terms of gender but females were more likely to ask another colleague to talk with the intimidator for them. The organization’s effectiveness in handling intimidation was viewed less favorably by those nurses and pharmacists with more years of practice in that facility (Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 2004). To add strength to this study, more literature that points to the ICU being one of the top places in the healthcare setting to be the venue for horizontal violence. Bullying in the medical setting is said to happen most of the time in the top three areas, i. e. , medical or surgical units, intensive care units (ICU) and the emergency department (ER). The occurrences of horizontal violence are lesser in the areas such as child health and maternal health areas, psychiatry and operating rooms. This is the result of findings such as those made by WHO. The World Health Organization has been showing concern with the horizontal violence happening in healthcare settings and has been aware of the problem becoming an epidemic already and has started to think of solutions by first producing guidelines in dealing with the violence when it happens. WHO touched on the patient to nurse type of violence as well and the effects it has on the emotions of the nurses. The results of the survey made by WHO also made a significant finding, that the highest rating for workplace violence was in the areas of highest acuity like the intensive care units. This made even stronger the need to find out the prevalence of horizontal violence in the ICU. With all the above literature taken from scholarly journals and books, it is quite apparent that horizontal violence is indeed present in the healthcare industry today. There are even some studies held that have proven its existence in the intensive care unit. Most of the studies made point to the new or novice nurses as the main victim, with other more superior nurses being their main predators. To get concrete evidence of its existence in the ICU during orientation in a Midwestern magnet status hospital and to get further evidence on horizontal violence in the ICU, a study about it based on a cross sectional non-experimental explanatory research model and the Likert Scale which will further be discussed in the next topics. Design  Novice nurses that have been in orientation in various types of ICU for the past three to six months were asked to participate in the survey. Those that participated were nurses that have attended orientation in any of the intensive care units, i. e. , surgical ICU, cardiovascular ICU, coronary ICU or general ICU. All these novice nurses were given the same survey questions in relation to understanding whether they have experienced horizontal violence while they were in orientation. With looking at several different ICUs, there are varying variables that are influenced. Firstly, each participating intensive care unit has different formats for their orientation process. There are also different educators for each of the ICUs and varying preceptors orienting each of the novice nurses. A cross sectional non-experimental explanatory research model will be used to conduct the survey of novice nurses in different types of ICU’s. The survey will be given to novice nurses that have been in orientation in the ICU’s for the past three to six months. Out of the novice, nurses that are surveyed there will be varying educational backgrounds along with different work experience. The common thread among the novice nurses will be that they are novice nurses in the area they are orienting in at the time the survey is administered. Strengths of this study will look at a cross section of the novice nurses in orientation in a Midwestern hospital to investigate the occurrences of horizontal violence during orientation. Due to the cross section, this study will also give illumination to the working relationship between novice nurses and expert nurses during orientation in the intensive care units. This study will provide a base for educational purposes on how to improve the relationships between the novice nurses and expert nurses during orientation in the intensive care units. Another benefit from the study, there will be a study that has looked at the type of horizontal violence that is occurring during the orientation process in the intensive care units. This will give the building blocks to educating the expert nurses in how to be more encouraging towards the novice nurses during the orientation process. The reason in using this non-experimental quantitative research model is due to the fact that many of the most vital variables of interest in this study are not manipulable. This is however not indicative of any less methodology employed. Many researchers actually make use of non-experimental research since it is highly descriptive and it allows effective communications in an interdisciplinary research environment. Non-experimental quantitative research is an essential area of research due to its many vital though non-manipulable independent variables that may need further study. Some known methodologists even say that non-experimental research (Kerlinger, 1986) is more important that experimental research in such as way that educational and social research problems may not lend themselves to experimentation but lend themselves to controlled inquiry that is of the non-experimental type. The mentioned characteristics of this kind of research model make it a good choice for this particular study.

How to Asses Mental Illness Essays

How to Asses Mental Illness Essays How to Asses Mental Illness Paper How to Asses Mental Illness Paper The ability for patients to access mental health services these days are more wide ranging than ever before. This is in part due to the fact that the realm of mental health, once simply governed by physicians, is now peopled by staff of all different types and disciplines. In addition, many mental health professionals are now multiply credentialed, so it is not impossible to see a mental health professional who is all at once a family and marital therapist, a chemical dependency practitioner and a social worker. All these elements only serve to improve the ability of patients/clients to receive quality mental health services, whether it be in a large institutional setting, a community mental health center or in a private clinical office. But what are the different types of mental health professionals who are trained in the identification and treatment of patients with mental health issues? There are many, but for the matter of clarity and brevity, we will focus on just three. Licensed clinical social workers are one type of mental health professional who may be assigned a clinical case. These are individuals who have received graduate level training in the assessment and management of patients with mental illness. They may choose to specialize in a certain type of therapy, such as marital or family therapy or they may provide a more general practice. Clinical social workers are also found in the hospital setting, whether for psychiatric patients or medical patients and are experts in arranging for social services and referral to assisted living facilities, nursing homes, and other post hospitalization care. Advanced registry nurse practitioners are one of the newer types of clinicians in the mental health field. These are nurses who have taken graduate level education which allows them to perform diagnosis and treatment for patients. Many nurse practitioners (also called ARNPs) can prescribe medications for their patients, depending on the laws of the states where they live. ARNPs are also unique in that they can open up clinical practices of their own without having to work under the auspices or licensure of a practicing physician. ARNPs provide medication and counseling services, as well as crisis intervention services. ARNPs are also found frequently in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Another type of professional who may diagnose and treat a patient with mental health issues is a clinical psychologist. These are men and women who receive post-graduate education and receive a doctorate in psychology. Psychologists are often called â€Å"doctor† but the difference is that they are not allowed to prescribe medications. Psychologists are multifaceted, and are able to diagnose and treat patients with mental health issues, as well as perform and interpret psychological testing to held aid in the diagnosis of patients with personality or learning disorders. Psychologists are usually utilized in the outpatient setting, but it is not unheard of for them to work on an inpatient mental health unit as well. While all these different clinical backgrounds are able to assess patients for the presence of mental illness, the issues which they must consider are the same from patient to patient. Whether the patient is a self-referral, court mandated or identified by a family member, before a true clinical diagnosis can be made, a thorough mental health assessment must be made. This mental health assessment includes several key issues which must be answered. First, the clinician must know what the problem is which brought the patient in for evaluation in the first place. Does the patient feel sad, or depressed, or anxious? To what degree does the mood problem affect the patient’s day to day life? Are they able to go on about their daily business, or are they incapable of holding a job or caring for themselves or their families, because of the severity of the illness. Does the patient actually perceive there is a problem, or has the patient been referred by a medical provider, family member, or friend? The high coincidence of mental health problems and substance abuse makes it necessary for the mental health professional to assess if there is any drug or alcohol abuse issues here. How long has the patient had these symptoms, and are they getting worse, better, or staying the same. A family history is also important, especially as it pertains to issues of mental illness within the family, or a history of physical/sexual or emotional abuse. Above all, when any mental health professional is assessing a patient for mental illness, he or she must assess if the patient has any thoughts of hurting himself or anyone else. This is almost the most important question to be asked of any patient who is being assessed for mental health problems, and when answered in the positive, must be dealt with immediately. As we are discussing suicidal ideation, it is important for any clinician to understand who is at the greatest risk of self harm. There is a disparity in the rates of suicide between men and women, in that it is more likely for a woman to express thoughts of suicide and it is more likely for a man to actually commit suicide. In fact, men over age 45 are more than four times more likely than women to kill themselves as women in the same age (National Patient Safety Agency, 2001). An unemployed man is two to three times more likely to commit suicide. Suicide is also believed to account for 20 percent of all death in young people aged 15-24 and is second only to accidental death. The prevalence of substance abuse in this age group tends to be a contributing factor to suicide rates. The additional issues of academic pressure and relationship problems, as well as possible history of physical and sexual abuse are other risk factors. Interestingly, research has also shown that youngsters who know someone who commits suicide are more likely to commit suicide (Shaffi, et. al. 1985). While issues of race and likelihood to commit suicide have been studied, the pattern changes over geographic distribution. A study done in 1993 by Briget seemed to indicate that gay men and lesbians had higher rate of suicide and attempted suicide than the general population. And, as previously mentioned, research has shown that substance abuse is a significant risk factor for suicide and suicide attempts. One study estimated that among people who abuse drugs, the risk of suicide is twenty times greater than that of the general population (Faulkner, 1997) Any discussion about mental health in the 21st Century is sure to bring some in some element of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, commonly known as HIPAA. HIPAA is a federal health benefits law passed in 1996, effective July 1, 1997, which among other things, restricts pre-existing condition exclusion periods to ensure portability of health-care coverage between plans, group and individual; requires guaranteed issue and renewal of insurance coverage; prohibits plans from charging individuals higher premiums, co-payments, and/or deductibles based on health status. It also places strict limits on the type and amount of information which can be released about patients, and to whom the information can be given, and in what manner. While the privacy of patient care information is important, HIPAA can be a stumbling block to the care of patients. For example, should the patient refuse that any collateral information be obtained about his case from a family member or friend, the mental health professional is prohibited by law from making any contact with this person, even if the collateral information could be of help in the care and diagnosis of the patient. In addition, it makes it almost impossible for family members to make appointments or even ascertain that patients are getting care. Health care providers are given leeway in one manner, in that should a mental health patient make what is felt to be a credible threat against another person, the healthcare provider is then able to provide information about the threat to the person in the broadest possible terms, known as a â€Å"duty to warn†. Usually now, before a mental health professional takes on a case, he or she will have the patient sign a document explaining the patient’s rights and the clinician’s responsibilities under HIPAA. In this document, the clinician outlines most common reasons for which the clinician may have to release information about the patient’s care, such as coordinating care with another provider or even obtaining coverage information from the insurer. The patient is also generally advised that he or she may revoke all authorization at any time, but in turn the clinician may choose to discontinue treatment. In this way, both parties are protected. It should be noted, however, that HIPAA restrictions do not apply in cases where abuse is suspected, for clinical health oversight activities, for judicial reasons if evaluations are court ordered, and in cases where the care involves a workman’s compensation issue. The clinician must also provide to the patient a name and number of a person to who concerns about privacy violation may be addressed, and if all else fails, complaints may be made to the Department of Health and Human Services, the federal agency which oversees HIPAA. But should a mental health professional be incautious about the kind of information he or she chooses to release, then he or she may find that they are subject to high fines, sanctions from federally funded agencies and loss of clinical privilege. To me, HIPAA seems like the extreme end of the pendulum, and does little to take into account common sense. I believe that in the future, different legislation will be made to modify the tone of HIPAA and allow a bit of clinical common sense to be used as well. Until that time, mental health practitioners will have to tread lightly and practice with care, keeping in mind at all times the needs of the patient and the rule of the law. So in summary, there are many kinds of mental health professionals, of all different backgrounds and disciplines. It would not be difficult to find a therapist or other mental health professional that would be able to help a client with his or her problems. All are highly qualified. All receive excellent training, and the high degree of diversity allows the mental health patient to almost have a consumer attitude when shopping for mental health care. No matter what kind of practitioner a patient chooses, the patient should be sure that he or she has chosen one who is well versed in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. New laws put into affect do much to protect the rights of the patient, but in some ways can tie the hands of the clinical provider. But ultimately, rules are in place to protect both the patient and the practitioner. Bibliography : Bridget, J. 1994, Treatment of Lesbians with Alcohol Problems in Alcohol services in North-West England, Lesbian Information Service. Faulkner, A. 1997, Briefing No. 1 Suicide and Deliberate Self-Harm. Mental Health Foundation National Patient Safety Agency 2001, Safety First, National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness, five-year report of the National Confidential Inquiry Shaffi, M. , Carigan, S. , Whittinghall, J. R. et al. 1985, Psychological Autopsy of Completed Suicide in Children and Adolescents, American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1061-1064. United States Department of Health and Human Services website, accessed on 4/2/05 at hhs. gov/ocr/hipaa/

Britain a multicultural society Essays

Britain a multicultural society Essays Britain a multicultural society Essay Britain a multicultural society Essay Muliticulturalism is defined as the existence of different minority groups maintaining their identities. The way of expressing the growing cultural diversity of Western societies is to talk the language of multi-culturism neatly dividing up societies into homogenous traditions of communities. However this approach has serious limitations, not least because it shares many of the assumptions of new racism about fixed, immutable differences between ethnicities.  Culture is conceived along ethnically absolute lines, not as something intrinsically fluid, changing and unstable, and dynamic, but as a fixed property of social groups rather than a relational field in which they encounter one another and live out social, historical relationships. (Gilroy, 1993, pp.24) Issues surrounding ethnic minorities have been at the forefront of British politics as long as parliamentary democracy, whilst racist attitudes towards aliens, foreigners and strangers have ensued for just as long. Yet, whilst racism is no recent development, the approaches taken by the state to deal with it have significantly changed in the last half-century. Previous efforts to deal with non-white immigrants were primarily concerned with reducing the numbers of ethnic minorities entering the country and to a lesser extent integrate them into society and indeed a sense of Britishness. For example, Back (2002) ponders on the way successive Conservative governments from 1979 to 1997 reified the British way of life as a national treasure to be defended from enemies within'. (Back, 2002, pp.445) However recent political developments have rightly made it popular to recognise certain differences in minority groups. More specifically, acknowledging societal and economic inequalities suffered by first generation immigrants and ancestors of previous immigrants alike have meant the establishment is much more understanding and accommodating over issues such as education, housing, and welfare needs, to name but a few. This has become known as mainstreaming, for this implies the similar aim of gradual integration yet departs from previous thinking in that society must accept and change to a certain extent round minority interests, rather than the opposite. Seaford (2001) asserts that an inclusive and democratic society should function in an open, fair and just manner, so that everyone has a stake in the decisions which affect them. (Seaford, 2001 pp.107) Furthermore, she poses the question;  What makes people feel that it is their country? Partly having equal civil and political rights, partly being able to join in the national culture and share aspirations for the future, but also a feeling that their own personal story and that of their family is entwined with the national story. (Seaford, 2001 pp.107)  Obviously, these can only be achieved by surpassing certain problems that prevent the full implementation of mainstreaming. Many people would argue that Britain is not only clearly a multicultural society, but also a multiethnic and multifaith society, to display this they point to a number of factors clearly displayed in British culture. The change in British landscape Religious symbols such as temples, mosques, synagogues are apparent all over Britain and promote a multifaith society. This idea of a multifaith society is also apparent in the acceptance and allowances made for religious clothing, such as turbans and headscarves, to be allowed in the workplace, schools and other public places.  The development of food outlets, including Chinese and Indian restaurants and the obvious acceptance of different cultures due to Britains favourite dish being Chicken Tikka Masala, is another factor of British culture which could be used to argue that Britain is a multicultural society. British popular culture including films and music also help to promote multiculturism. Films such as Bend it like Beckham and Bride and Prejudice which are dominated by actors from ethnic minorities, often hit the big screens and are very popular in cinemas, which helps to promote ethnic identity and educate people about different ethnic cultures. Another form of British popular culture, which helps to promote multiculturism, is music. The introduction of black music from the Caribbean in the 1970s, such as the music of Bob Marley began to introduce British people to music from different cultures. This continued throughout the 1980s with British black people beginning to introduce themselves into the popular music scene, creating a new type of popular music, which still had the basic elements of their cultural influence behind it. Furthermore, the development of music such as the bhangra infusion of sounds Punjabi songs added to a western beat, displayed by famous artists such as Cornershop, Asian Kool and Punjabi MC, helped bring the culture and music of ethnic minority groups into the West. Many of the tracks were recorded especially for English music channels such as The Box and MTV, and keeping the western beat made it even more appealing to young British people, while still introducing them to and educating them about different cultures. Most importantly though, is probably the role of TV to show the change in the last 40years and the development of multiculturism. In the 1960s and 70s programmes such as love thy neighbour and mind your own language, ridiculed and mocked the cultures of ethnic minorities, which can be established simply from the titles of the programmes. However more recently programmes such as Goodness Gracious Me, The Kumars and The Real McCoy, produced by Asian dominated casts, has reserved this mockery and turned the jokes on a head, having a go at English for being racist, whilst showing that they really are just like the rest of us even though they may have a stronger culture than most white British people, which isnt necessarily a bad thing. In short it is claimed that people in Britain are now allowed to attain their ethnicity and religion and are allowed to talk / eat / live where and what they want, which ultimately promotes multiculturalism.  However, many other people claim that these developments over the last 40years have not promoted multiculturism but have infact increased segregation. They claim that since the 1960s people from ethnic minorities have been clumped together, for example in Bradford and Birmingham, where there is a very large Asian community. This forced segregation and clumping together of ethnic minorities is in itself not only a form or racism but also stimulation for it.

Hands by Sherwood Anderson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hands by Sherwood Anderson - Essay Example The story is about Wing Biddlebaum, a fat little old man from Winesburg, Ohio. Wing Biddlebaum was driven out of Pennsylvania, his original hometown, after he was falsely accused of molesting a young boy in a school where he used to teach. This happened because of his habit of caressing the boys’ hairs and shoulders whenever he talked to them. Wing’s seemingly uncontrollable hands manifest his grotesqueness. The central symbol of this story is hands, which figure as agents of conflicting aims of different characters and demonstrate Wing’s helplessness and vulnerability. Discussion We are told that ‘Winesburg was proud of the hands of Wing Biddlebaum in the same spirit in which it was proud of Banker White's new stone house and Wesley Moyer's bay stallion’ (Anderson 16). His hands are a distinguished feature which amazes the citizens of Winesburg, but he seems not to notice and instead is afraid of them. Many citizens, including George Willard, have m any times wanted to ask him about his hands and why he seemed frightened by their power. This fear of his hands shows his grotesque nature. Wing hides his hands in fear that he might repeat the incident at the school. This is despite the fact that he had pure intentions in everything he did. ‘In a way, the voice and hands, the stroking of the shoulders and the touching of the hair was a part of the schoolmaster's efforts to carry a dream into the young minds.

Market Entry Strategy of Kraft Foods Group Essay

Market Entry Strategy of Kraft Foods Group - Essay Example Apart from this, the quantity of resources is also extremely high within the region of the country which acts as a catalyst for the nation. This helps the nation in increasing its position and prosperity regarding wines in the global perspectives as compared to others (Levitt, 2007). Along with this, the capital resource of the nation is also quite high that proved effective in increasing its production quantity to increase the reputation and attractiveness in the market. Varieties of wine in Greece:Greece produces a majority of the varieties of grapes such as Macedonia, thrace, Epirus, thessalia, sterea ellada, Peloponnese and many others. These varieties of grapes helps in manufacturing varied types of wines such as red wines, white wines. This is mainly due to the Mediterranean climate and rainy winters that helped in the development of the finest quality of grapes (Porter, 2011). Therefore, the demand and total sale of the product of wine is higher to its excellent taste. 1.1.2 H uman resources: The education level of the citizens in the region of Greece is comparatively higher as compared to its neighboring nations. So, the rate of unemployment is quite lower rather than others (Porter, 2008). Therefore, the literacy rate of the labors within the region of Greece is lower as compared to its adjoining regions and this acted as a boon for the organisation functioning in the section of wine. However, the skill to handle advanced machines is quite lower among the individual of Greece, but it need to be improved in future.